Summesberger, H., B. Jurkovšek & T. Kolar-Jurkovšek: Aptychi associated with ammonites from the Lipica-Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Slovenia). p. 1-19, 5 pls, 2 figs
The co-occurrence of well-preserved aptychi (ammonite lower jaws) along with composite moulds of ammonite shells of the family Placenticeratidae in Upper Cretaceous black limestone from the Slovenian karst leads to the conclusion that shells and aptychi belong together. This is the first record of aptychi in Placenticeratidae.
Keywords: Cephalopods, Placenticeratidae, lower jaws, Upper Cretaceous.
Zusammenfassung
Gemeinsames Vorkommen von gut erhaltenen Aptychen (Ammonitenunterkiefer) mit Skulptursteinkernen von Ammoniten der Familie Placenticeratidae in schwarzen Kalken des Slowenischen Karsts (Oberkreide) läßt annehmen, daß die Funde spezifisch zusammengehören. Dies ist der Erstnachweis von Aptychen bei Placenticeratiden.
Schlüsselwörter: Cephalopoda, Placenticeratidae, Unterkiefer, Oberkreide.
Keywords: Cephalopods, Placenticeratidae, lower jaws, Upper Cretaceous.
Zusammenfassung
Gemeinsames Vorkommen von gut erhaltenen Aptychen (Ammonitenunterkiefer) mit Skulptursteinkernen von Ammoniten der Familie Placenticeratidae in schwarzen Kalken des Slowenischen Karsts (Oberkreide) läßt annehmen, daß die Funde spezifisch zusammengehören. Dies ist der Erstnachweis von Aptychen bei Placenticeratiden.
Schlüsselwörter: Cephalopoda, Placenticeratidae, Unterkiefer, Oberkreide.
Pucher, E.: Die Tierknochenfunde aus der Schleinbacher Ziegelei, Bezirk Mistelbach, Niederösterreich (Grabung 1981 bis 1986). p. 21-54, 8 figs, 81 tabs
Untersucht wurden Tierknochenfunde aus Schleinbach in Niederösterreich. Das Material stammt überwiegend aus Siedlungsgruben der frühbronzezeitlichen Aunjetitzkultur. Daneben gelangten auch Reste der spätneolithischen Epilengyelkultur und der endneolithischen Kosihy-Caka/Makò-Gruppe zur Bearbeitung. Im frühbronzezeitlichen Material überwiegen Rinderknochen mit 55,3%, gefolgt von Schaf und Ziege mit 17,4% und dem Schwein mit 13,7%. Besonders auffällig ist der außerordentlich hohe Anteil an Ochsen, der für die zusätzliche Erhöhung der Meßwerte der an sich bereits relativ großen Rinderknochen mit verantwortlich gemacht wurde. Unter den Resten der Schafe fallen besonders die großen Widderhornzapfen auf, die morphologisch sehr an Mufflons erinnern. Mit 7,7% Wildtieranteil spielte die Jagd eine geringe Rolle für die Fleischversorgung. Unter den Wildtieren sind besonders Fundstücke des ausgestorbenen Europäischen Wildesels (Equus hydruntinus) hervorzuheben, die dem Komplex der Epilengyelzeit zugeordnet wurden. Es handelt sich damit um den zweiten Nachweis dieses seltenen Faunenelements des frühen und mittleren Holozäns in Österreich.
Schlüsselwörter: Tierknochen-Fundkomplex, Österreich, Bronzezeitliche Siedlung, Aunjetitzkultur, Equus hydruntinus.
Summary
An assemblage of animal bones from Schleinbach in Lower Austria was studied. The finds primarily stern from the refuse pits of an Early Bronze Age settlement of the Unetice culture. In addition, remains of the Late-Neolithic Epi-Lengyel culture and the Final Neolithic Kosihy-Caka/Makó-Gruppe group were analysed. Within the Early Bronze Age sample, cattle bones predominate with a value of 55.3 per cent; sheep and go at follow at 17.4 per cent, and pig at 13.7 per cent. The extremely high proportion of oxen is particularly striking and is held responsible for the increase in the comparatively large cattle bone measurements. Concerning sheep, the massive ram horn cores, which resemble mouflons in every respect, are noteworthy. Based on the 7.7 per cent of game, hunting was not essential for subsistence. Among the wild animals, the remains of the extinct European Ass (Equus hydruntinus), which have been assigned to the Epi-Lengyel sample, are noteworthy. In Austria this is only second discovery of this rare faunal element of the Early and Middle Holocene.
Keywords: Animal bone assemblage, Austria, Bronze Age settlement, Unetice culture, Equus hydruntinus.
Schlüsselwörter: Tierknochen-Fundkomplex, Österreich, Bronzezeitliche Siedlung, Aunjetitzkultur, Equus hydruntinus.
Summary
An assemblage of animal bones from Schleinbach in Lower Austria was studied. The finds primarily stern from the refuse pits of an Early Bronze Age settlement of the Unetice culture. In addition, remains of the Late-Neolithic Epi-Lengyel culture and the Final Neolithic Kosihy-Caka/Makó-Gruppe group were analysed. Within the Early Bronze Age sample, cattle bones predominate with a value of 55.3 per cent; sheep and go at follow at 17.4 per cent, and pig at 13.7 per cent. The extremely high proportion of oxen is particularly striking and is held responsible for the increase in the comparatively large cattle bone measurements. Concerning sheep, the massive ram horn cores, which resemble mouflons in every respect, are noteworthy. Based on the 7.7 per cent of game, hunting was not essential for subsistence. Among the wild animals, the remains of the extinct European Ass (Equus hydruntinus), which have been assigned to the Epi-Lengyel sample, are noteworthy. In Austria this is only second discovery of this rare faunal element of the Early and Middle Holocene.
Keywords: Animal bone assemblage, Austria, Bronze Age settlement, Unetice culture, Equus hydruntinus.
Riedel, A.: Die Tierknochenfunde einer germanischen Siedlung an der Thaya bei Bernhardsthal im nordöstlichen Niederösterreich. p. 55-144, 9 pls, 3 figs, 5 diag., 128 tabs
Während des 2. und 3. Jh.n.Chr., als das Gehöft von Bernhardsthal im Gebiet der germanischen Markomannen, unweit des Zusammenflusses von Thaya (Dyje) und March (Morava) errichtet wurde, hatte das Römische Reich bereits die Limes-Grenze entlang der Donau gefestigt. Der Fundort liegt nur etwas mehr als 60 km von den damaligen pannonischen Städten Vindobona (Wien) und Carnuntum (PetroneIl) entfernt.
14783 bestimmbare Tierknochenfunde erlauben fundierte Einblicke in Beschaffenheit und Nutzung des germanischen Viehs und Vergleiche mit den zeitgleichen römischen Komplexen aus den Festungen (Castra) und den damit verbundenen Zivilsiedlungen (Lagervici) des Donaulimes (wie etwa Lauriacum, Augustiana usw.). Hier wurde besonders der erst kürzlich durch den Verfasser untersuchte, geographisch nahegelegene Lagervicus von Traismauer/ Augustiana zum Vergleich herangezogen.
Die Zusammensetzung des Komplexes weist eindeutig auf die bäuerliche Struktur der Siedlung hin, da Wildtierreste (von Rothirsch, Reh und Wildschwein) nur ganz schwach vertreten sind. Wie üblich bilden auch in diesem Komplex Rinder, kleine Hauswiederkäuer und Schweine den Grundstock der Wirtschaftstiere. Im Vergleich mit Traismauer und anderen Limes-Komplexen fällt die etwas moderatere Dominanz des Rinderanteils auf, im Vergleich mit den romanisierten Alpengebieten aber die relativ schwächere Vertretung der Schafe und Ziegen. Verglichen mit anderen germanischen Siedlungen sticht Bernhardsthal durch einen geringeren Anteil des Schweines hervor, der den Schaf/Ziegen-Anteil nicht übertrifft. Für die Zusammensetzung der Haustierfauna spielen allgemein traditionelle und lokale Faktoren eine maßgebliche Rolle. Unter forgeschritteneren wirtschaftlichen Bedingungen, wie sie auch bereits für Bernhardsthal angenommen werden können, muß auch der Viehhandel in die Überlegungen miteinbezogen werden.
Die Größe der Tiere, speziell des Rindes und der kleinen Hauswiederkäuer, blieb in germanischen Siedlungen meist weit unter dem römischen Niveau zurück. Dies gilt prinzipiell auch für Bernhardsthal, obwohl dieses Vieh gewiß zum größten im germanischen Gebiet zählte. Die Größe der Schweine unterscheidet sich nicht von römischen Komplexen.
Von der Morphologie her entsprechen die größeren Hornzapfen, auch jene der Kühe, eindeutig dem römischen Typ. Daneben existieren aber auch kleinere Hornzapfen eines Typs, wie er für eisenzeitliche Komplexe kennzeichnend ist. Die sehr kleinen, oft unregelmäßig geformten Hornzapfen der Kühe und die etwas größeren, doch abgeflachten und tief gefurchten Hornzapfen des männlichen Geschlechts lassen sich nur als Überreste älterer keltisch-germanischer Schläge interpretieren, die hier in Bernhardsthal wahrscheinlich sukzessive von römischen Importrindern verdrängt wurden.
Auch unter den mittelgroßen Pferden, die nur geringfügig kleiner als jene südlich des Limes blieben, ist ein bedeutender römischer Einfluß unübersehbar. Wie bei den Rindern blieben aber auch hier Reste älterer, kleinwüchsiger Landrassen erhalten. Die Bernhardsthaler Dorfhunde waren ausgesprochen groß und kräftig gebaut, ganz anders als die grazilen Tiere des städtischen Bereichs.
Die Bernhardsthaler Rinder und in minderem Maße auch die kleinen Wiederkäuer wurden im Durchschnitt etwas jünger geschlachtet als in Traismauer, wo wahrscheinlich ein Großteil der Tiere erst als Schlachtvieh angeliefert wurde. Die Nutzung des Bernhardsthaler Viehs erfolgte in vielfältiger Weise (Fleisch, Milch, Wolle, Arbeit usw.). Die Schweine wurden verhältnismäßig spät geschlachtet, die Pferde normalerweise erst im fortgeschrittenen Alter.
Im Vergleich der bei den Fundkomplexe von Traismauer und Bernhardsthal kommen gut die viehwirtschaftlichen Charakteristika der zivilisierten Städte südlich des Limes und der "barbarischen" Siedlungen nördlich davon zum Ausdruck. Obwohl der römische Einfluß in Bernhardsthal deutlich wahrnehmbar ist, handelte es sich doch um eine autochthone Wirtschaft, die Reste der keltisch-germanischen Tradition bis in die Zeit des Römischen Kaiserreiches bewahrt hat.
Schlüsselwörter: Tierknochen-Fundkomplex, Österreich, Germanische Siedlung, römisch-germanische Beziehungen.
Riassunto
La fauna dei villaggio germanico di Bernhardsthal nell'Austria Inferiore nordorientale al confine con la Moravia. L'insediamento germanico di Bernhardsthal si sviluppo nel II e nel III secolo dopo Cristo in una regione occupata da popolazioni Marcomanne, vicine occidentali dei Quadi, ad una sessantina di kilometri a nord deI limes romano sul Danubio e delle citü pannoniche di Vindobona (Vienna) e di Carnuntum (PetroneIl). II deposita messo in luce durante alcune campagne di scavi e formato da 14.783 resti ossei animali determinabili, che hanno permesso una valutazione della composizione della fauna, della morfologia delle razze edel tipo di sfruttamento economico degli animali della regione. Le conoscenza nella stessa regione, ma a sud dei Danubio, di un insediamento presso il castello militare romano di Traismauer/Augustiana studiato recentemente dallo stesso autore e stato di utilitit per effettuare confronti. L'estrema scarsitit di animali selvatici (cervo, capriolo, cinghiale, ecc.) e tipica per un villaggio contadino. Buoi, capro-ovini e maiali sono come al solito gli animali di gran lunga prevalenti. Rispetto ai siti romani del limes danubiano i buoi sono un po meno frequenti. I capro-ovini sono um po piu numerosi che a Traismauer, ma molto meno che nelle zone alpine romanizzate. I maiali sono leggermente piu numerosi dei capro-ovini, ma non presentano pero l'abbondanza ehe e spesso tipica dei territori germanici. La composizione di una fauna domestica dipende essenzialmente dalla tradizione locale, talvolta dall'ambiente regionale o nel caso di zone in contatto con civilül sviluppate come la romana anche da influenze commerciali. I buoi ed i capro-ovini germanici, e specialmente i primi, sono minori di quelli romani, anche se a Bernhardsthal sono piuttosto sviluppati nel contesto dell'area germanica. I maiali sono invece di dimensioni equivalenti a nord e a sud dei Danubio. Le cavicchie ossee di un largo gruppo di buoi di Bernhardsthal richiamano morfologie analoghe a quelle romane mentre la maggioranza dei reperti, piccoli e irregolari se femminili, piatti e solcati se maschili, richiamano forme celto-germaniche piu antiehe, ehe vennero sostituite solo in parte da importazioni romane. I cavalli sono di dimensioni medie leggermente inferiori a quelle piuttosto grandi romane. Animali di razze locali molto piccoie sono presenti in tracce. I cani sono animali grand i e robusti tipi ci di villaggi contadini. Forme snelle o di dimensioni o caratteri particolari, ehe sono al solito piu frequenti nelle cittil, sono invece rare. I buoi di Bernhardsthal, ed in misura minore i capro-ovini, venivano macellati un po piu giovani ehe a Traismauer ehe era anche un mercato di importazione. Essi servivano a molti scopi, di lavoro, nutrizione e materia prima artigianale. I maiali e ancor piu i cavalli venivano macellati relativamente tardi. Confrontando Bernhardsthal e Traismauer si osservano grandi differenze fra una cultura contadina primi tiva di estrazione nordica ed una piu sviluppata meridionale. Bernhardsthal era sotto I'influenza delle innovazioni romane, ma mantenne pero le caratteristiche principali delle popolazioni celto-germaniche edel loro tipo di sfruttamento economico.
Parole chiave: Deposito osteologico, Austria, villaggio germanico, relazioni romano-germaniche.
Summary
The Germanic animal bone deposit of Bemhardsthal in northeastem Lower Austria. Germanie Bernhardsthal flourished during the 2nd and 3rd cent. A.D. in an area of settlements of the Marcomanns near the confluence of the Thaya (Dyje) and the March (Morava) rivers. It was situated about 60 km north of the Roman limes of the Danube and of the Pannonian cities of Vindobona (Vienna) and Carnuntum (Petronell). The 14,783 determined bones of the deposit provide information on the composition, breeds and exploitation of Germanie animal populations. These data can be compared with those from the military castra and the associated ci vilian vici of the limes -Lauriacum, Augustiana, etc.- The latter - Traismauer/ Augustiana~ recently studied by the author, was taken into special consideration. The composition of the deposit indicates a peasant settlement with very few wild animals, f.i. red and roe deer and boar. Cattle, sheep/goat and pig are, as usual, the most important species. Bernhardsthal has less cattle and more caprines than the Roman site of Traismauer on the limes, but its sheep/goat populations are lower than in the romanized Alps; pigs are not very numerous, contrary to most Germanie areas. The composition of a fauna depends upon local traditions and peculiarities, and in areas of more advanced civilization, like Bernhardsthal, also upon trade. The size of the animals, especially of cattle and caprines, is smaller in Germanic sites than in Roman ones: in Bemhardsthal they are nevertheless somewhat large for their cultural area. On the other hand, pigs are instead similar in both faunal types. The largest male and female cattle horncores of Bernhardsthal have a Roman morphology, while all the others are smaller and of Iron Age forms. The horncores of Landrace females are small and irregular, those of males flat and furrowed; they belong to Celtic-Germanic breeds, gradually replaced by Roman import. The medium-sized horses, which are only slightly smaller than those living south of the limes, are also under Roman influence, but some remains of old small Landraces are preserved. The dogs of Bernhardsthal are nearly all large and sturdy, as usual in village animals, and not of weaker and more various forms as sometimes found in the towns. The cattle of Bernhardsthal, and to a lesser degree the caprines, were on the average slaughtered slightly earlier than in Traismauer, where a large amount of slaughtering animals were certainly imported. They were used for many purposes (meat, milk, wool, work, etc.). Pigs were slaughtered fairly late and horses usually when they were rather old. Comparing the deposits of Traismauer and Bemhardsthal reveals striking differences between a northem civilisation, peasant and less advanced, and a southem, more developed one. Though under the influence of Roman innovations, Bemhardsthal still kept some of the main characteristics of the Celtic-Gerrnanic breeds and economic exploitation.
Keywords: Animal bone assemblage, Austria, Germanic settlement, Roman-Germanic relations.
Schlüsselwörter: Tierknochen-Fundkomplex, Österreich, Germanische Siedlung, römisch-germanische Beziehungen.
Riassunto
La fauna dei villaggio germanico di Bernhardsthal nell'Austria Inferiore nordorientale al confine con la Moravia. L'insediamento germanico di Bernhardsthal si sviluppo nel II e nel III secolo dopo Cristo in una regione occupata da popolazioni Marcomanne, vicine occidentali dei Quadi, ad una sessantina di kilometri a nord deI limes romano sul Danubio e delle citü pannoniche di Vindobona (Vienna) e di Carnuntum (PetroneIl). II deposita messo in luce durante alcune campagne di scavi e formato da 14.783 resti ossei animali determinabili, che hanno permesso una valutazione della composizione della fauna, della morfologia delle razze edel tipo di sfruttamento economico degli animali della regione. Le conoscenza nella stessa regione, ma a sud dei Danubio, di un insediamento presso il castello militare romano di Traismauer/Augustiana studiato recentemente dallo stesso autore e stato di utilitit per effettuare confronti. L'estrema scarsitit di animali selvatici (cervo, capriolo, cinghiale, ecc.) e tipica per un villaggio contadino. Buoi, capro-ovini e maiali sono come al solito gli animali di gran lunga prevalenti. Rispetto ai siti romani del limes danubiano i buoi sono un po meno frequenti. I capro-ovini sono um po piu numerosi che a Traismauer, ma molto meno che nelle zone alpine romanizzate. I maiali sono leggermente piu numerosi dei capro-ovini, ma non presentano pero l'abbondanza ehe e spesso tipica dei territori germanici. La composizione di una fauna domestica dipende essenzialmente dalla tradizione locale, talvolta dall'ambiente regionale o nel caso di zone in contatto con civilül sviluppate come la romana anche da influenze commerciali. I buoi ed i capro-ovini germanici, e specialmente i primi, sono minori di quelli romani, anche se a Bernhardsthal sono piuttosto sviluppati nel contesto dell'area germanica. I maiali sono invece di dimensioni equivalenti a nord e a sud dei Danubio. Le cavicchie ossee di un largo gruppo di buoi di Bernhardsthal richiamano morfologie analoghe a quelle romane mentre la maggioranza dei reperti, piccoli e irregolari se femminili, piatti e solcati se maschili, richiamano forme celto-germaniche piu antiehe, ehe vennero sostituite solo in parte da importazioni romane. I cavalli sono di dimensioni medie leggermente inferiori a quelle piuttosto grandi romane. Animali di razze locali molto piccoie sono presenti in tracce. I cani sono animali grand i e robusti tipi ci di villaggi contadini. Forme snelle o di dimensioni o caratteri particolari, ehe sono al solito piu frequenti nelle cittil, sono invece rare. I buoi di Bernhardsthal, ed in misura minore i capro-ovini, venivano macellati un po piu giovani ehe a Traismauer ehe era anche un mercato di importazione. Essi servivano a molti scopi, di lavoro, nutrizione e materia prima artigianale. I maiali e ancor piu i cavalli venivano macellati relativamente tardi. Confrontando Bernhardsthal e Traismauer si osservano grandi differenze fra una cultura contadina primi tiva di estrazione nordica ed una piu sviluppata meridionale. Bernhardsthal era sotto I'influenza delle innovazioni romane, ma mantenne pero le caratteristiche principali delle popolazioni celto-germaniche edel loro tipo di sfruttamento economico.
Parole chiave: Deposito osteologico, Austria, villaggio germanico, relazioni romano-germaniche.
Summary
The Germanic animal bone deposit of Bemhardsthal in northeastem Lower Austria. Germanie Bernhardsthal flourished during the 2nd and 3rd cent. A.D. in an area of settlements of the Marcomanns near the confluence of the Thaya (Dyje) and the March (Morava) rivers. It was situated about 60 km north of the Roman limes of the Danube and of the Pannonian cities of Vindobona (Vienna) and Carnuntum (Petronell). The 14,783 determined bones of the deposit provide information on the composition, breeds and exploitation of Germanie animal populations. These data can be compared with those from the military castra and the associated ci vilian vici of the limes -Lauriacum, Augustiana, etc.- The latter - Traismauer/ Augustiana~ recently studied by the author, was taken into special consideration. The composition of the deposit indicates a peasant settlement with very few wild animals, f.i. red and roe deer and boar. Cattle, sheep/goat and pig are, as usual, the most important species. Bernhardsthal has less cattle and more caprines than the Roman site of Traismauer on the limes, but its sheep/goat populations are lower than in the romanized Alps; pigs are not very numerous, contrary to most Germanie areas. The composition of a fauna depends upon local traditions and peculiarities, and in areas of more advanced civilization, like Bernhardsthal, also upon trade. The size of the animals, especially of cattle and caprines, is smaller in Germanic sites than in Roman ones: in Bemhardsthal they are nevertheless somewhat large for their cultural area. On the other hand, pigs are instead similar in both faunal types. The largest male and female cattle horncores of Bernhardsthal have a Roman morphology, while all the others are smaller and of Iron Age forms. The horncores of Landrace females are small and irregular, those of males flat and furrowed; they belong to Celtic-Germanic breeds, gradually replaced by Roman import. The medium-sized horses, which are only slightly smaller than those living south of the limes, are also under Roman influence, but some remains of old small Landraces are preserved. The dogs of Bernhardsthal are nearly all large and sturdy, as usual in village animals, and not of weaker and more various forms as sometimes found in the towns. The cattle of Bernhardsthal, and to a lesser degree the caprines, were on the average slaughtered slightly earlier than in Traismauer, where a large amount of slaughtering animals were certainly imported. They were used for many purposes (meat, milk, wool, work, etc.). Pigs were slaughtered fairly late and horses usually when they were rather old. Comparing the deposits of Traismauer and Bemhardsthal reveals striking differences between a northem civilisation, peasant and less advanced, and a southem, more developed one. Though under the influence of Roman innovations, Bemhardsthal still kept some of the main characteristics of the Celtic-Gerrnanic breeds and economic exploitation.
Keywords: Animal bone assemblage, Austria, Germanic settlement, Roman-Germanic relations.
Mader, B.: Die Zusammenarbeit der Naturhistorischen Meseen in und Triest im Lichte des Briefwechsels von Josef Szombathy und Carlo de Marchesetti (1885-1920). p. 145-166, 7 figs
Die Autorin behandelt den Briefwechsel von Carlo de MARCHESETTI,Direktor des Triestiner Naturhistorischen Museums, und Josef SZOMBATHY, Leiter der Prähistorisch-Anthropologischen Sammlung des k.k. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums in Wien, aus den Jahren 1885-1920. Ein Teil dieser Korrespondenz wird in der Städtischen Bibliothek Triest (Archivio Diplomatico), der andere im Archiv der Prähistorischen Abteilung des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien aufbewahrt. Anhand von über 70 Briefen und Postkarten lässt sich die Entwicklung einer ausgesprochen freundschaftlichen Beziehung, die nach Überwindung anfänglicher Schwierigkeiten und Missverständnisse von einem regen Gedankenaustausch wissenschaftlicher und persönlicher Natur gekennzeichnet ist, nachvollziehen. Darüber hinaus erweist sich die Korrespondenz auch in Hinblick auf die Pläne von Moriz HOERNES,MARCHESETTIfür Ausgrabungen in Bosnien zu gewinnen, sowie für die "Causa Savini", die SZOMBATHY große Schwierigkeiten bereitete, als aufschlußreich.
Schlüsselwörter: Forschungsgeschichte, Archäologie, MARCHESETTSI,SZOMBATHY, Moriz HOERNESS, Sta. Lucia.
Summary
The author deals with the correspondence between Carlo de MARCHESETTI,director of the Museum of Natural History in Trieste, and Josef SZOMBATHY, head of the Prehistorical-Anthropological Collection of the k.k. Court Museum of Natural History in Vienna in the years 1885-1920. One part of this correspondence is kept in the Municipal Library of Trieste (Archivio Diplomatico), the other in the Archives of the Department of Prehistory of the Museum of Natural History in Vienna. The more than 70 letters and postcards document the development of a very friendly relationship which, after initial difficulties and misunderstandings, was characterized by a lively exchange of a scientific and personal nature. This correspondence also sheds light on the plans of Moriz HOERNESto gain MARCHESETTI'Ssupport for excavations in Bosnia as weil as for the "Causa Savini", which was a source of great difficulty for SZOMBATHY.
Keywords: History of research, archeology, MARCHESETTI, SZOMBATHY, Moriz HOERNES, Sta. Lucia.
Riassunto
L'autriee tratta la eorrispondenza tra Carlo de MARCHESETTId,irettore del Civico Museo di Storia Naturale a Trieste, e Josef SZOMBATHY, direttore dei riparto preistorieo-antropologico dei Museo di Storia Naturale a Vienna. La corrispondenza che risale agli anni 1885-1920 viene eonservata negli archivi di Trieste (Archivio Diplomatieo Biblioteca Civiea) e Vienna (Museo di Storia Naturale, Riparto preistorico) e contribuisce a far luce sul rapporto personale di questi areheologi ambedue coinvolti nelle ricecehe sulla necropoli preistoriea di S. Lucia presso Tolmino. In base a circa 70 lettere e cartoline postali si puo illustrare 10 sviluppo di una relazione decisamente amichevole, caratterizzata da uno scambio vivace non solo sul piano scientifieo ma anche personale. Altrettano informativa si dimostra la corrispondenza sia per quanto riguarda i progetti di Moriz HOERNES,che invito MARCHESETTI a scavare in Bosnia, che il "caso Savini",che coinvolse SZOMBATHY in maniera brutta.
Parole chiave: Storia di ricerche, archeologia, MARCHESETTIS, SZOMBATHY, Moriz HOERNES, Sta. Lucia.
Schlüsselwörter: Forschungsgeschichte, Archäologie, MARCHESETTSI,SZOMBATHY, Moriz HOERNESS, Sta. Lucia.
Summary
The author deals with the correspondence between Carlo de MARCHESETTI,director of the Museum of Natural History in Trieste, and Josef SZOMBATHY, head of the Prehistorical-Anthropological Collection of the k.k. Court Museum of Natural History in Vienna in the years 1885-1920. One part of this correspondence is kept in the Municipal Library of Trieste (Archivio Diplomatico), the other in the Archives of the Department of Prehistory of the Museum of Natural History in Vienna. The more than 70 letters and postcards document the development of a very friendly relationship which, after initial difficulties and misunderstandings, was characterized by a lively exchange of a scientific and personal nature. This correspondence also sheds light on the plans of Moriz HOERNESto gain MARCHESETTI'Ssupport for excavations in Bosnia as weil as for the "Causa Savini", which was a source of great difficulty for SZOMBATHY.
Keywords: History of research, archeology, MARCHESETTI, SZOMBATHY, Moriz HOERNES, Sta. Lucia.
Riassunto
L'autriee tratta la eorrispondenza tra Carlo de MARCHESETTId,irettore del Civico Museo di Storia Naturale a Trieste, e Josef SZOMBATHY, direttore dei riparto preistorieo-antropologico dei Museo di Storia Naturale a Vienna. La corrispondenza che risale agli anni 1885-1920 viene eonservata negli archivi di Trieste (Archivio Diplomatieo Biblioteca Civiea) e Vienna (Museo di Storia Naturale, Riparto preistorico) e contribuisce a far luce sul rapporto personale di questi areheologi ambedue coinvolti nelle ricecehe sulla necropoli preistoriea di S. Lucia presso Tolmino. In base a circa 70 lettere e cartoline postali si puo illustrare 10 sviluppo di una relazione decisamente amichevole, caratterizzata da uno scambio vivace non solo sul piano scientifieo ma anche personale. Altrettano informativa si dimostra la corrispondenza sia per quanto riguarda i progetti di Moriz HOERNES,che invito MARCHESETTI a scavare in Bosnia, che il "caso Savini",che coinvolse SZOMBATHY in maniera brutta.
Parole chiave: Storia di ricerche, archeologia, MARCHESETTIS, SZOMBATHY, Moriz HOERNES, Sta. Lucia.
Vyslozil, O., E. Jonke & H. Kritscher: Akzeleration und Zahnengstand. Eine kieferorthopädisch-anthropometrische Vergleichsuntersuchung.-Anhang: Die Bedeutung von Augustin Weisbach für die Anthropologie Österreichs. p. 167-219, 7 pls, 15 figs, 2 tabs
In den industrialisierten Zonen wird eine deutliche Zunahme der Okklusionsanomalien an den letzten Generationen beobachtet. Vergleichsuntersuchungen von VYSLOZIL et al. 1992/1993 an Schädeln von vor etwa 100 Jahren verstorbenen Angehörigen der österreichischen k.u.k. Armee mit Soldaten des österreichischen Bundesheeres der Jahrgänge 1972/73 ergeben eine Zunahme der Zahnbreite, des Distalbisses, des Irregularitätsindexes, der Mandibularebene, des ANB- Winkels und des Überbisses sowie eine Abnahme der Intereckzahndistanz, der Zahnbogenbreite und des Björkschen Summenwinkels. Zeitlich und geographisch fallen ebenso die Zunahme der Körperhöhe um ca. 10 cm und der typischen Zivilisationskrankheiten auf. Überwiegend ist man heute der Ansicht, dass vor allem Umweltfaktoren an dieser rasanten Entwicklung beteiligt sind. Es ist offensichtlich, dass erworbene Ursachen die genetischen hier überwiegen. Gruppen, die in ihrer traditionellen Lebensweise verharren, zeigen diese Entwicklungen kaum oder gar nicht.
Schlüsselwörter: Zahnbreitenzunahme, Engstand, Akzeleration.
Summary
In industrialized countries a significant increase in the prevalence of malocclusions in the younger generation can be observed. The results of this study comparing skulls of members of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy's army, who died about a hundred years ago, with the skulls of soldiers of the Austrian federal army born in 1972/73 show an increase in tooth width, class II malocclusions, irregularity index, length of the corpus mandibulae, ANB angle and overbite, but a decrease in the intercanine width, arch width and sum angle according to BJÖRK.Moreover, in developed countries, people today are about 10 cm taller and the typical diseases of civilization show a marked increase. The prevalent opinion is that this development is due to environmental factors. Aquired factors clearly dominate the genetic ones in this respect. Groups maintaining a traditional life-style hardly show this development at all.
Keywords: Increase in tooth width, crowding, acceleration.
Schlüsselwörter: Zahnbreitenzunahme, Engstand, Akzeleration.
Summary
In industrialized countries a significant increase in the prevalence of malocclusions in the younger generation can be observed. The results of this study comparing skulls of members of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy's army, who died about a hundred years ago, with the skulls of soldiers of the Austrian federal army born in 1972/73 show an increase in tooth width, class II malocclusions, irregularity index, length of the corpus mandibulae, ANB angle and overbite, but a decrease in the intercanine width, arch width and sum angle according to BJÖRK.Moreover, in developed countries, people today are about 10 cm taller and the typical diseases of civilization show a marked increase. The prevalent opinion is that this development is due to environmental factors. Aquired factors clearly dominate the genetic ones in this respect. Groups maintaining a traditional life-style hardly show this development at all.
Keywords: Increase in tooth width, crowding, acceleration.